Citation:
Abstract:
We have measured the fracture energy of lithiated silicon thin-film electrodes as a function of lithium concentration. To this end, we have constructed an electro-chemical cell capable of testing multiple thin-film electrodes in parallel. The stress in the electrodes is measured during electrochemical cycling by the substrate curvature technique. The electrodes are disconnected one by one after delithiating to various states of charge, that is, to various concentrations of lithium. The electrodes are then examined by optical microscopy to determine when cracks first form. All of the observed cracks appear brittle in nature. By determining the condition for crack initiation, the fracture energy is calculated using an analysis from fracture mechanics. In the same set of experiments, the fracture energy at a second state of charge (at small concentrations of lithium) is measured by determining the maximum value of the stress during delithiation. The silicon and is essentially independent of the concentration of lithium. Thus, lithiated silicon demonstrates a unique ability to flow plastically and fracture in a brittle manner.